introduction

In the space of three decades, the fields can have significantly expanded for the traveler seeking fun territories, ultimate, sometimes extreme, as evidenced by the episode was publicized during the 2007 Russian tourists missing in following a canoe trip on the Yurungkax river, over four thousand meters above sea level in the heart of the Kunlun mountains (in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China). The increasingly massive tourist travel,, have continued to expand worldwide. Yesterday reserved for the elite few, the international mobility concern now widely populations of most developed countries; the World Tourism Organization [WTO] has announced a new record in 2007 with 898 million international tourists.

Tourism represents a significant economic challenges: these flows, which correspond to the temporary movement of consumers on holiday, are accompanied by significant financial transfers. Tourism is one of the leading economic sectors with 12% of world GDP and 6.5% of world exports. In terms of jobs, the World Travel and Tourism Council estimates that 231 million people work in relation to tourism in the world.

The extension of the tourist area, symbolized by the opening of territory long entrenched as mainland China, the Indochinese Peninsula or Southern Africa, do not mean an upheaval in the global hierarchy. With the exception of the Chinese and wider Asian markets growth breakthrough, the major balances remain. The oldest tourist destinations, which also belong to the richest regional groupings remain the heart of the dynamic: they are the main receiving countries and of course the major emitting powers. The growth of international tourism started in the early 1960s did contribute to a wider dissemination of flows to new destinations based on high expectations of this industry, but the positioning of these new tourism periphery is often precarious unstable and their margins.

The purpose of this study, after presenting the different stages of international tourism, is to highlight the logical flow in the global space, emphasizing the importance of regional basins, and to consider factors limiting its spatial distribution.

I. A century of growth of international tourism

I.1 tourist flows: statistical limitations

International tourism shows record results each year: 2000 was about the threshold of 700 million arrivals, whereas this figure was only 25 million in 1950 and 285 million in 1980. This growth reflects the remarkable transformations of our world, including the enrichment of societies where travel densify as increased living standards. However, official figures must be (Dehoorne, 2002) because they are dependent games boundaries that accompany the recognition of new nations, including those resulting from decolonization and the collapse of communist regimes in Central Europe and Balkan years 1990 [under these divisions, hitherto domestic flows became international as in the case of the Czech Republic (6 million tourists in 2004) and Slovakia, where the transboundary movement in favor of Czech shopping centers now referred to as "shopping tourism" (Williams & Balà, 2002)]; Finally, more broadly, the assessment of cross-border travel and transit flows is quite complex. France, World destination, is the best example. Any German or British motorist passing across the territory to reach Mediterranean destinations is recognized in France as a tourist. This partly explains the wide dominion of France with 75 million international visitors (2004). Conversely, the Spanish neighbor segregates tourists staying in its territory (53.4 million in 2004), tourists in transit (some additional 30 million).

The identification of tourist flows has shortcomings. The definitions of official bodies, too general, add strictly tourist flows with many other trips. Thus, any movement that does not fall migration (with a work visa) ends up being equated with tourism (whether for business travel, travel for medical or religious reasons, visits family or residence of study abroad). Following this logic, all migrant populations are treated as tourists when they return to their country of origin. These confusions explain for example why Algeria has officially welcomed 1.2 million international tourists in 2004. The situation is similar for many Caribbean countries with large diaspora in North America or Europe (Audebert, 2006) .

Another limitation that should be noted, "The international tourist arrivals are the number of visitor arrivals and not of persons" (WTO). One tourist is counted as many times as it crosses boundaries during his journey. The results are overvalued as in the case of the cruise. Finally, we must not forget that behind these international visitors also hide many potential immigrants who have no other alternative but to resort to the tourist excuse to leave their country. These "false-tourists" trying their luck in the host country, where they work, for example in the tourism sector, especially in hotels and catering.

Notwithstanding the shortcomings highlighted, remember that these results do not diminish the growing importance of tourism practices in the world. International tourism now covers 14% of the world population (2007) and with more stringent definitions, paying particular attention to patterns of movement announced (leisure, recreation and holidays) (WTO), it is reasonable to consider that 7-8% World population actually participates in international tourism.

I.2 A late twentieth century between euphoria and realism

The growth of tourism has continued to say throughout the last half century can be divided into three stages. These are first of all the first decades, from 1950 to 1980, characterized by a period of rapid growth that supported a gradual democratization of tourism in the more developed economies, as illustrated by the famous "trickle down the social pyramid "Mr. Boyer (1999)" beyond the world of annuitants to extend the bourgeoisie and the social strata increasingly large. "The increase in revenues is accompanied by new social arrangements that promote rest and workers' holiday entitlement. "Advances in transport involved in the flight, with the release of the family car in the countries of the capitalist economy (45% of international tourist trips in 2005) and the deployment of air transport, particularly the charter flights. The reserved for the wealthiest travelers in the 1970s became one of aviation modes of transport most used in international tourism (43% in 2005) (Gossling & Hall, 2006). That seemed distant destinations like Bali, Hawaii and the Caribbean are much more accessible. This is reflected in the gradual emergence of mass tourism, with preferred concentrations of vacationers in places renowned as some western portions of the Mediterranean coast. Since the early 1950s, Franco's Spain hosted a million tourists attracted by the beaches, the sun and the exotic discounted (Apostolopoulos et al., 2001).

The second phase corresponds to the last decade of the twentieth century, that of a tourist euphoria walls fall, open borders, customs formalities are reduced. This decade was suitable for international tourism, international tourism temptation for citizens who had hitherto habits resort in national space. The end of the bipolar world announced very naive hopes. It was the fall of the Berlin Wall, the reunification of Germany and the end of the socialist democracies in Central and Eastern Europe. In this craze, Romania received 1.4 million tourists in 1990, mostly from the neighboring Western Europe. Poland is also positioned in the European market (19.2 million international tourists in 1995 against 3.4 million in 1990) as well as the Ukraine (19 million in 2006) and the Russian Federation (20.2 million in 2006 ).

In the 1990s, the field open to tourism areas continues to widen. The international environment is extremely favorable to tourism. Other large areas are entering the market such as South Africa and China. South Africa post-apartheid out of its isolation and quickly became the leader of the African tourism (8.4 million in 2006). The impact of the opening of China is significant for tourism: the long proscribed country (only 17,877 foreign visitors recorded in 1965) is now recognized on the world stage: 49.6 million international tourists in 2006 (and 72 million jobs in relation to this activity).

The end of the century ad the age of maturity of tourism. After the euphoria, illusions and disillusions of a world without borders tourist space, dramatic events (attacks specifically targeting tourists in Bali or Sharm El Sheikh, air accidents, etc.) reminded tourists the complexity a world where wars have never ceased. Whoever thought "neutral" due to its temporary state tourist realized he was now a potential target particularly vulnerable (Dehoorne, 2004 Buckwheat, 2004). Some statements in this news items late 2007 illustrate this trend: it was the deadly attack of a family of French tourists in Mauritania; country in which, during the same period, two French tourists were killed and four others were injured in an accident ball during a sandstorm. On Mauritius, bands specialize in organizing ambush with the help of girls. The inventory of loot presented in the local press is quite telling: "two credit cards, foreign exchange, a digital camera, Camcorder and a portable Playstation" (Mauritius Times). Thailand is not rest between assaults with knives when pickpocketing (in Phuket) and the murder of a young Japanese tourist who visited cycling the ruins of the ancient city of Sukhothai in the north. And even the Sofitel Marrakech at the edge of the pool, two tourists were attacked, still stabbing by a man who had climbed over the wall of the establishment. Special policies are in place to ensure the safety of tourists and sanctions are immediate as in China where the assassin of Russian tourists (in the city of Suifenhe, September 2007) was sentenced to death in months that followed.

Between petty crime, organized crime, natural hazards and health risks, the tourist is aware of the limits of his "ecumene." Some new destinations appeared to fulfill the security requirements for a good stay tourist aggregate global market (such as Cuba and Vietnam) while others are more uncertain, experiencing random results or fall into oblivion (for example, the majority of African States)

I.3 International tourism: dominations established

14

Dissemination of tourism flows globally reveals important contrasts between dominant regions-which are also the oldest touristiques-, emerging destinations and important areas poorly integrated international tourist space (cf.figure 1).

The regional approach highlights the preponderance of the European area which concentrates 54.6% of international flows (Table 1). With 133.2 million of tourists, the Americas, mainly North America, are in third position. Their relative share is no more than 16.6%. The importance of these two regions is shrinking before the market growth is that Asian and Pacific, driven by strong economic growth, the fastest growth especially in Northeast Asia where the average annual growth was 8.3% over the 2000-2006 period (the world average is 3.6% for the same period). Some rebalancing therefore takes place over the past decade in favor of East Asia.

The encouraging average annual growth displayed by the South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, with 6.4%, 6.5% and 9.3% respectively, must be put into perspective with regard to the particularly low volumes of tourists receipts, combined, reach only 10.5%.

The global hierarchy of the first host nations, dominated by France, Spain and the United States remains relatively stable (see Table 2); the only notable change is the fact that Asian countries hoisted in this list: Malaysia, Hong Kong and of course China, which now ranks fourth in the world, ahead of Italy and the United Kingdom. Some destinations in Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Russia and Poland) are also among the top twenty destinations, but the volume of tourist arrivals, regardless stabilized enough fluctuate greatly from one year to another. The situation is similar for Turkey that alternates very encouraging results and damaging setbacks to its economy at the mercy of regional tensions.

The international tourist arrivals come largely from neighboring emitters. Thus the French market, three quarters of the activity are made by nationals of five states: German (20.4%), British (16%), the Netherlands (15.6%), Belgium and Luxembourg (12.5%) and Italians (8.6%). The situation is similar in the Spanish market dominated by the United Kingdom (12.8 million tourists, or 26.5% of total) and Germany (11.4 million; 23.7%). International holidays also add those nationals: for example, in Spain, for the year 2000 must be added 562 million overnight stays by Spanish residents to 402 million overnight stays by international tourists.

The integration of new destinations is very progressive. For now, the first fifteen destinations worldwide still control 57% of flows (2005) - although their share is reduced gradually: it was 68% in 1990.

Conventional domination persist and some reconstructions are engaged on margins. The share of new destinations is modest but they multiply and position in the market. Some have also experienced remarkable growth during the last decade as Croatia (8.5 million foreign tourists in 2005 against 1.5 in 1995), the Dominican Republic (3.5 million in 2005 against 1.8 ten years earlier), Vietnam (2.9 million against 1.35 in 1995). Without changing the equilibrium established, these emerging characterize the extension of the tourist area, and locally for the least developed countries, these findings may support the fundamental economic challenges.

II. At the heart of the tourism system, emitting some major powers.

21

The organization of the global tourism space is organized around the issue of international tourist regions dominated by the richest countries, and reception areas, reception. At first, the logic of classical diffusion favored a distribution corresponding to the center-periphery pattern (Cazes 1992; Dewailly & Flament, 1993): urban and industrial areas to coastal or mountainous peripheries of urban areas in the north to southern fringes. But the pattern is more complex. Flow distribution in the world reveals overlaps between areas receiving and transmitting. Economic powers organize tourist space and exchange the bulk of intercontinental flows (20% of total flow).

The winners of the most important tourism markets for expenditure reflects the dynamism of national economies. The top ten source countries, headed by Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom are responsible for 51% of global tourism spending. By adding the following ten countries, this share reaches 70% (see Table 3).

The twelve major emitters of tourists country divided between Europe (Germany, UK, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium and Spain), North America (United UNite and Canada) and Asia (Japan, China1 and South Korea) are responsible for over 50% of tourist trips.

Stock assessment of tourists begins with a consideration of the levels of wealth from different companies. Economic and social dynamics of different regions of the world are visible through the evolution of these departures. Enrichment savings translates into opening international leisure and tourism but disparities remain large even within these nations between metropolises that concentrate wealth (the most dynamic and best-paid activities, the most qualified staff ) and modern transport logistics, mainly air, essential to the deployment of international strategies directed from the decision-making centers.

Large urban areas are at the heart of international tourists emitting regions: they are command centers with their emissions of tourists and their pool of potential tourists. Residents have better access to the world. This logic applies as in the most developed countries, with North American European megacities (with relay California), Japan (the Tokyo Metropolitan relay with Osaka and Nagoya) and South Korea (with urban area of Seoul and the southern city of Busan), Mexico (Mexico City area and the northern cities), Russia (Moscow, Saint-Petersburg) or China (the major political and economic capitals: Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Guangzhou). Concentration mainland with the corollary "rising spatial inequalities", is an essential element in the analysis of tourist flows (Dehoorne, 2003).

III. A tourist space between regional basins and territories Network

III.1 The importance of regional tourism basins

26Between homes and start reception areas, the distribution of tourist flows in an organization draws three "pools" or separate "lakes". The "big three lakes Vacation World" (Cazes, 1992) correspond to coherent regional groupings.
27 Their dynamism is driven by some major emitters homes like the United States of America, Germany, the United Kingdom and France to the Mediterranean, Japan and China in East Asia.
28 International tourists travel every continent, but 80% of these trips are confined to their original regional space. And on the European continent, 87% of international trips are made by EU citizens (WTO). The Americans only 6% of the total and that Asians do not exceed 4%. Another example is the United States, the first American and third world destination, the flow supplied by neighboring countries amounted to 49.5%, 30% in Canada alone. Second source market, the Japanese will realize about 6 million entries, primarily for the benefit of Pacific territories: Hawaiian Islands (39.2%), the California coast (22.4%), Guam (19.1%), and secondarily Nevada (10.1%) and New York (9.2%). Europeans, mainly British, German and French, represents only 22.4% of the visitors.
29 By nationality, at most, 25-33% of tourists leave their regional area of origin to reach another continent. The movement of British (366 million days holiday abroad in 1998) illustrate this approach: 80% of flows affect Europe, particularly Spain and France, and 10% arrive in America (8% in the United US and 2% in the Caribbean). In the case of French, the share of stays in Europe is 75%, and over 20% of the other holidays are divided between French-speaking territories in the Americas and North Africa. The pattern is the same in North America, where two-thirds of citizens of the United States (53 million trips abroad in 1998, for a total of 895 million vacation days) favor neighboring US territories, primarily the neighboring countries (Mexico, 34% of the flow, and Canada, 25%). One explanation lies especially in the fact that the average American has little more than two weeks of paid vacation per year (Burns & Novelli, 2007). Greater dispersion across the world carried out between European areas (8 countries among the top 20 destinations chosen) and Asia (6 countries), most prominently capitals such as Paris, London, Tokyo, Hong Kong (cf . Figure 2). The highest proportions of transcontinental travel within Australian and Japanese markets. About 55% of Japanese travel concern East Asia and the Pacific (see Figure 3). Their presence is very important in China, where they particularly appreciate the great historical and cultural sites such as the Sichuan region (600,000 Japanese tourists in 2007). The flows are then divided between North America (34%) and Western Europe (12%).

Les touristes internationaux dans l’espace caribéens en 2004

L’importance des séjours confinés à l’échelle régionale s’explique en partie par l’évolution de la durée des séjours, plus fréquents mais plus courts (souvent inférieurs à la semaine), qui privilégient donc les trajets plus courts, peu marqués par les décalages horaires ; plus que jamais, ces touristes pressés privilégient les destinations proches et consolident ce qu’il convient d’appeler des lacs touristiques régionaux.

Cet espace touristique, discontinu, organisé autour de trois bassins majeurs, reflète les inégalités de développement observables avec des différentiels de pouvoir de consommation significatifs et leur vitalité est intrinsèquement liée au dynamisme économique régional.

Les fonctionnements de ces trois bassins touristiques reposent sur quelques paramètres communs (cf. figure 4). Tout d’abord, ils sont établis dans le prolongement des grands foyers de richesse de la Triade, dotés des stocks de touristes, c’est-à-dire des populations disposant des revenus confortables autorisant des consommations ludiques et récréatives dans le cadre de séjours touristiques. Ensuite, ces ensembles, traversés par la ligne de partage entre les pays du Nord et du Sud, juxtaposent deux zones constituées de pays aux niveaux de vie extrêmement contrastés. Les territoires les plus anciennement fréquentés sont les plus riches mais une diffusion progressive se dessine, plus au sud, au profit de nouveaux lieux touristiques, intégrant notamment des pays en voie de développement. La circulation des touristes est facilitée par les formalités douanières simplifiées qui donnent une véritable cohésion à l’ensemble. Les avantages économiques et sociaux favorisent, dans chaque bassin, un glissement des flux d’une rive à l’autre de la Méditerranée pour le bassin européen, au sud de la frontière américano-mexicaine en Amérique, ou encore vers les confins sud-est asiatiques pour l’Asie orientale. Le développement d’un « tourisme médical », associant chirurgie esthétique ou soins dentaires et activités récréatives, illustre ce processus : les Nord-américains privilégient les offres colombiennes et costariciennes en la matière tandis que le choix des Européens se porte notamment sur la Tunisie et, en Asie, la Thaïlande, Singapour et la Chine qui développent des prestations similaires. À travers ces logiques spatiales, entre transferts de consommations et nouvelles stratégies d’investissement, se posent des questions autour des enjeux de développement : dans quelle mesure, ces processus contribuent-ils à créer de la richesse et du développement, sachant qu’ils engendrent également une privatisation, dans les lieux les plus cotés, qui peut être perçue comme une nouvelle forme de colonialisme, notamment dans les îles et les rivages de la Caraïbe (Hall & Tucker 2004, Dehoorne et al., 2008).

Figure 3 Les touristes japonais dans le monde

Figure 4. L’organisation de l’espace touristique mondial

Plus généralement, notons que cette tendance qui privilégie les destinations plus méridionales traduit un tropisme des Sud, un attrait pour des régions plus ensoleillées, qu’il s’agisse d’un climat méditerranéen, subtropical ou tropical. Enfin ces logiques régionales peuvent être confortées ou atténuées par l’existence de liens privilégiés entre certains pays, liens d’ordre historique, culturel, politique, linguistique qui facilitent les relations linguistiques entre certaines ex-colonies et des ex-puissances coloniales, aujourd’hui émettrices de touristes comme dans le cas des pays d’Afrique du Nord et de la France. Ce sont également les liens privilégiés entre certaines îles des Caraïbes et la France, la Grande-Bretagne ou les Pays-Bas.

III.2 Les trois bassins touristiques régionaux

Par ordre d’importance, les trois bassins touristiques sont le bassin euro-méditerranéen, centré sur la Mer méditerranée avec un déséquilibre particulièrement prononcé au profit de la rive Nord, le bassin Asie orientale-Pacifique, autour des rivages de la mer de Chine, et le bassin Amérique du Nord -Caraïbes, organisé autour de la « Méditerranée américaine ».

Le premier bassin mondial est le bassin euro-méditerranéen qui concentre 375 millions de touristes internationaux en 2004, son volume d’activité correspond à 49 % du marché mondial. Sa part relative s’est néanmoins amenuisée ; elle était de 53 % environ en 2000 et de 59,5 % au début des années 1990. Le cœur du bassin le plus ancien s’articule autour des rives méditerranéennes de l’Europe, de l’Espagne à la Turquie (23,3 millions de touristes en 2007), puis s’étire sur les rives nord-africaines, vers le Maroc (7,45 millions en 2007 contre 2,6 en 1990), la Tunisie et l’Egypte. Une auréole secondaire se dessine au nord de la zone centrale. Elle couvre le reste du territoire français et se prolonge vers le nord et l’est de l’Europe intégrant des pays comme les Pays-Bas, la Norvège, la Pologne et quelques lieux privilégiés de la Russie et de l’Ukraine.

Le poids des clientèles régionales est prépondérant au cœur du bassin et davantage encore dans ses ultimes extensions qui sont alimentées par quelques émetteurs privilégiés. Par exemple, le marché marocain, qui affiche des records chaque année, dépend à 84 % de sept émetteurs européens, au premier rang desquels la France (38 % du total) et l’Espagne (21,5 %).

Avec un marché de l’ordre de 155 millions de visiteurs internationaux en 2004, le bassin Asie orientale-Pacifique poursuit sa structuration. Il concentre désormais 20 % du marché mondial contre 16,2 % en 2000. Cet ensemble est dominé par les flux asiatiques consolidés par l’apport des voisins australiens et néo-zélandais. Les poids de ces deux pays demeurent modestes eu égard à leurs faibles volumes de populations : quelques 3,5 millions d’Australiens voyagent à l’étranger, en Asie et dans les territoires du Pacifique (60,5 %), en premier lieu au profit des voisins néo-zélandais (15 %) et indonésiens (11%, principalement Bali). Seulement 1,2 millions de Néo-Zélandais participent au tourisme international, dont la moitié séjourne chez le voisin australien. Leur intégration dans ce même bassin se justifie par l’importance des flux asiatiques qui convergent vers ces deux États : les ressortissants asiatiques réunissent 50 % des nuitées touristiques australiennes contre 45 % pour les clientèles nord-américaines et européennes regroupées.

La Chine devance désormais le Japon pour les émissions de touristes à l’étranger avec plus de 20 millions de séjours en 2004. Les déplacements des Chinois profitent en premier lieu au Japon qui a reçu plus de 8,3 millions de touristes en 2007, dont 30 % originaires de Corée du Sud et 13 % de Chine continentale. La Malaisie domine l’activité dans le sud-est asiatique (20,7 millions de touristes en 2007), et l’espace chinois s’impose au centre du dispositif régional (54 millions de touristes en 2007). Les déséquilibres spatiaux sont importants en Chine : les régions côtières, où résident 41 % des Chinois, sont les zones de prédilection des touristes internationaux (80 %) et donc des retombées économiques (88 % des recettes) (Arlt, 2006). Le pays s’efforce donc d’ouvrir plus largement son espace intérieur, notamment en direction des territoires de l’Ouest, comme le Tibet qui a reçu 365 000 étrangers et 4 millions de touristes chinois en 2007.

En troisième position, le bassin Amérique du Nord-Caraïbes, avec 125 millions de touristes internationaux en 2004 (OMT), est désormais dépassé par la dynamique est-asiatique. Sa croissance est plus mesurée. En Amérique du Nord, où les trois États sont réunis par l’ALENA (Accord de libre-échange nord-américain), les échanges touristiques bilatéraux sont parmi les plus importants au monde : les États-Unis fournissent 90 % des touristes internationaux au Canada et 85 % des touristes internationaux au Mexique, et les flux émis par le Mexique et le Canada convergent d’abord vers les États-Unis (Fennell, 2006).

L’activité est dominée par les clientèles venant des États-Unis et du Canada comme aux Bahamas (1,5 millions de touristes en 2000 dont 85 % de ressortissants des États-Unis et moins de 5 % d’Européens). Quelques métropoles régionales de pays émergents, telles celles du Mexique, alimentent également ce marché. Soulignons dans cet espace la permanence de quelques liens privilégiés entre certains territoires insulaires de la Caraïbe et quelques puissances européennes ; les flux transatlantiques priment ponctuellement sur les logiques régionales comme dans les cas des Antilles françaises.

III.3 Beyond regional basins territories networking and spatial discontinuity

41

The space tourist draws a structure archipelago where a triad positioned on the southern part of the economic triad (North America, Western Europe and Northern Japan and the new neighboring economies) that dominates the spring world. Indeed, from these economies occurs a gradual shift from the tourist centers to the sun and the sea, playing on the social and economic benefits of the differences in living standards and helping to spread new revenue to the South . Within these basins, the diffusion flow is far from uniform and answer a simple center-periphery approach: for example, on the Mediterranean, the stays 22 million tourists carried out in African countries North in 2005 were concentrated in a few privileged sectors of Moroccan, Tunisian and Egyptian territories while Algeria and Libya were very uncrowded expanses with 6.5% and 0.7% of visitors respectively. The situation is similar in the Caribbean Arc where tourist arrivals are very contrasting from one island to another in spite of advantages in appearance very similar. The quality of resources and geographical proximity to transmitters homes must be balanced with regard to the importance of the choice of arrested development (eg in favor of opening up and development resources), social and political stability. One of the first Club Med in the Caribbean was installed in Haiti, which has now disappeared from the Caribbean tourism space (and world), while the Dominican Republic and the large neighboring islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico Jamaica dominate the regional market.

The tourist area therefore consists of network territories, "discontinuous laminated" the major tourist areas dominate their regional area and impose on the world stage by the diversity of international flows they polarize. Unlike the activity of tourist areas, smaller, somehow second-rate is primarily organized in the framework of their regional basin. Territories so organized network with a socket between regional and global scales. But in the context of the global travel space, these networks tend to overlap and become entangled. Some examples can be developed such across eastern Asia-Pacific where the Hawaiian Islands and the island of Bali are international tourist areas which converge to a majority of regional tourists but also international flows, representing a wide range of nationalities who spend the reputation of the place. Conversely activity destinations such as the islands of Guam, Jeju (South Korea), Riau (Indonesia) reports to the regional level; the presence of extra-regional nationalities is marginal. Of course they are trying to place on the international stage, as the Chinese island of Hainan (eg during major events such as beauty pageants Miss Universe type). This hierarchical approach is also established in the Mediterranean or Caribbean space. In the latter area, destinations such as Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Florida appear on the world map, while others, less known, such as the Bahamas, Belize and the Virgin Islands remain regionally or confined national logic for islands like Curacao (Netherlands Antilles), Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies, 90% of domestic tourists).

Conclusion

The tourist area is dominated by major emitters poles that structure their respective regional pools, including new suburbs as places of interest and limits their accessibility. Horizontal relations between territories now take precedence over the relations between the center and periphery.

The organization broke with the representation of a well-ordered world, a regular zoning that would give each other space tourist potential and virtues. These tourist networks create both "new connectivities and the effects of" tunnel "for crossing areas and unserved" that the English term "channelization" expresses very well (Veltz, 2005). And implementing the findings of P. Veltz the "economic territory", we could say that the tourist area is "the combination of flow and places, comprehensive planning and land-grid" (Dehoorne, 2003).

The discontinuities between the peripheries say bad stabilized, highly selective extensions, forgotten or excluded lines, angles, dead. Climate of insecurity that affect some tourist areas are intended to weaken more sensitive to constrain the outskirts tourist space to shrink, to shrivel on the most solid foundation. Some destinations, such as Egypt, Turkey, Indonesia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka, are particularly sensitive to international events because of a history or insurgent and terrorist risks. Tourist flows continually adapt to changing crises and redeploy when conditions become favorable: in the 1990s, the Dalmatian coast were beyond the pale and the city of Dubrovnik lost to international tourism. And this year 2008, it is the young state of Montenegro intends to settle in the Mediterranean landscape. Some countries benefit from international tensions, making somehow figure "destination refuge" at the mercy of international tensions as some islands in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius, Seychelles) or the Caribbean (Cuba, Dominican Republic). Attacks that target tourist sites weaken the economies of these countries and highlight the potential importance of tourism in certain political contexts. Power issues around tourism are complex and if the tourist is changing between "fear of the Other" and "desire of the Other," the experience that is forged through a meeting of the world can only help break the "clash of ignorance" that feeds many ideological discourse.

Source

International tourism in the world: logical flow and confines of touristicité